Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus, similar to varicose veins. They can develop inside the rectum (internal hemorrhoids) or under the skin around the anus (external hemorrhoids). While hemorrhoids are very common and often minor, they can cause discomfort, pain, and bleeding if left untreated.
Symptoms of Hemorrhoids
- Pain, irritation, or swelling around the anus
- Bright red blood during bowel movements
- Itching or discomfort in the anal region
- A lump or swelling near the anus (in external hemorrhoids)
- Mucus discharge or leakage in severe cases
Causes of Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids develop when pressure increases in the lower rectum, causing veins to stretch and swell. Common contributing factors include:
- Straining during bowel movements
- Chronic constipation or diarrhea
- Sitting for long periods of time, especially on the toilet
- Obesity
- Pregnancy (due to increased pelvic pressure)
- Low-fiber diet
Diagnosis
A gastroenterologist or physician can diagnose hemorrhoids through:
- Physical exam: External hemorrhoids can usually be seen and felt.
- Digital rectal exam (DRE): To check for internal hemorrhoids.
- Anoscopy or sigmoidoscopy: For a closer look inside the rectum if symptoms are persistent or severe.
Treatment Options
Most cases can be managed with simple lifestyle adjustments, while others may need medical treatment:
- At-home remedies: Increasing fiber intake, drinking plenty of fluids, and using warm sitz baths to relieve discomfort
- Medications: Over-the-counter creams, ointments, or suppositories to reduce pain and swelling
- Minimally invasive procedures: Rubber band ligation, sclerotherapy, or infrared coagulation for persistent hemorrhoids
- Surgery (hemorrhoidectomy or stapled hemorrhoidopexy): Reserved for severe or recurrent cases
When to See a Doctor
Seek medical evaluation if you experience:
- Persistent pain or bleeding
- Hemorrhoid symptoms that don’t improve with self-care
- Blood in your stool, which could indicate other digestive conditions
