Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive condition where stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation. Occasional acid reflux is common, but when it occurs frequently and disrupts daily life, it is considered GERD.
Causes
GERD occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)—a muscle that normally prevents stomach acid from moving upward—weakens or relaxes abnormally. Factors that increase the risk include:
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
- Smoking
- Certain foods and drinks (spicy, fatty, caffeine, alcohol)
- Hiatal hernia
Symptoms
Common symptoms include:
- Frequent heartburn (burning sensation in the chest)
- Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
- Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Chronic cough, sore throat, or hoarseness
Complications
If untreated, GERD can lead to more serious conditions, such as:
- Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus)
- Narrowing of the esophagus (strictures)
- Barrett’s esophagus (a precancerous change in esophageal lining)
- Increased risk of esophageal cancer
Diagnosis
GERD is often diagnosed through a review of symptoms and medical history. Diagnostic tests may include:
- Endoscopy (to check for damage)
- Esophageal pH monitoring
- X-ray of the upper digestive system
- Esophageal manometry (measures muscle function)
Treatment
Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Options include:
- Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, elevating the head while sleeping
- Medications: Antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
- Surgery: For severe cases, procedures like fundoplication may be recommended
When to See a Doctor
Contact a doctor if you experience frequent heartburn, difficulty swallowing, unintentional weight loss, or chest pain that mimics heart problems.
