Gallstones are hardened deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located beneath the liver. They vary in size and may cause no symptoms (silent gallstones) or lead to painful attacks known as gallbladder “attacks.”

Causes

Gallstones develop when substances in bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, become imbalanced and form crystals. Risk factors include obesity, a high-fat diet, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, and family history.

Symptoms

Some people experience no symptoms, but when gallstones block bile ducts, common signs include:

• Sudden, intense abdominal pain (especially in the upper right or center)
• Nausea or vomiting
• Indigestion, bloating, or gas
• Pain between the shoulder blades or in the right shoulder

Complications

If left untreated, gallstones may cause inflammation (cholecystitis), infection, or blockages in bile ducts, leading to serious liver or pancreas problems.

Diagnosis

Gallstones are usually detected with imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Blood tests may also be ordered to check for infection or liver problems.

Treatment

Treatment depends on symptoms and severity. Options include:

• Watchful waiting for silent gallstones
• Medications to dissolve stones (in select cases)
• Minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic cholecystectomy) to remove the gallbladder is the most common and effective treatment

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical help if you experience sudden, severe abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin/eyes), or fever with chills, as these may signal complications.